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    Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution is known as one of the most important and controversial scientific theories ever published. Darwin was an English scientist in the 19th century best known for his book “On the Origin of Species.” In his book, Darwin postulated different species shared characteristics of common ancestors, that they branched off from common ancestors as they evolved, and that new traits and characteristics were a result of natural selection. The theory is based on the assumptions that life developed from non-life and progressed and evolved in an indirect manner. Therefore, the Theory of Evolution, while controversial, has shaped and influenced the modern scientific world's thinking on the development of life itself. Darwin was born February 12, 1809 in England. Although initially entering into medicine, Darwin chose to pursue his interest in natural science and embarked on a five-year journey aboard the H.M.S. Beagle, a British sloop belonging to the Royal Navy. Because of his experience aboard the Beagle, he laid the foundation for his Theory of Evolution while also establishing himself within the scientific community. Specifically, Darwin's keen observation of the fossils and wildlife he saw during his time on the Beagle served as the basis for the cornerstone of his theory: natural selection.

    Natural selection contributes to the basis of Darwin's Theory of Evolution. One of the core tenets of Darwin's theory is that more offspring are always produced for a species than can possibly survive. Yet, no two offspring are perfectly alike. As a result, through random mutation and genetic drift, over time offspring develop new traits and characteristics. Over time beneficial traits and characteristics that promote survival will be kept in the gene pool while those that harm survival will be selected against. Therefore, this natural selection ensures that a species gradually improves itself over an extended duration of time. On the other hand, as a species continues to 'improve' itself, it branches out to create entirely new species that are no longer capable of reproducing together.

    Through natural selection, organisms could branch off of each other and evolve to the point where they no longer belong to the same species. Consequently, simple organisms evolve into more complex and different organisms as species break away from one another. Natural selection parallels selective breeding employed by humans on domesticated animals for centuries. Namely, horse breeders will ensure that horses with particular characteristics, such as speed and endurance, are allowed to produce offspring while horses that do not share those above-average traits will not. Therefore, over several generations, the new offspring will already be predisposed towards being excellent racing horses.

    Darwin's theory is that 'selective breeding' occurs in nature as 'natural selection' is the engine behind

evolution. Thus, the theory provides an excellent basis for understanding how organisms change over time. Nevertheless, it is just a theory and elusively difficult to prove. One of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one, the system as a whole collapses. Consequently, as modern technology improves, science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels. These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's supposition of how evolution occurs. As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivance for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I free confess, absurd in the highest degree".

    In conclusion, “On the Origin of Species” is known as one of the most consequential books ever published. Darwin's Theory of Evolution remains, to this day, a lightning rod for controversy. The theory can be observed repeatedly, but never proven, and there are a plethora of instances that cast doubt on the processes of natural selection and evolution. Darwin's conclusions were a result of keen observation and training as a naturalist. Despite the controversy that swirls around his theory, Darwin remains one of the most influential scientists and naturalists ever born due to his Theory of Evolution.

Which sentence is most similar to the following sentence from paragraph 1?

The theory is based on the assumptions that life developed from non-life and progressed and evolved in an indirect manner.

According to paragraph 2, what are the causes for species developing new traits and characteristics?

According to paragraph 3, which is natural selection most comparable to as a process?

What is the purpose of paragraph 3 in the passage?

All the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as a viewpoint to state that natural selection is dificult to prove EXCEPT __________

In paragraph 4, what was the auther’s purpose of including a quote that the belief that the

complexity of the human eye could have been formed by natural selection seems highly unlikely____

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Smart Energy

    The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied and used. In some major oil producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there are increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon economy. This transition will lead to major changes in the supply and use of electricity. Firstly, there will be an increase in overall demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to power their homes and vehicles. Secondly, there will be an increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much is generated, but also how it is generated, as there is growing electricity generation from renewable sources. To meet these challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid technology. This system aims to provide the electricity industry with a better understanding of power generation and demand, and to use this information to create a more efficient power network.

    Smart Grid technology basically involves the application of a computer system to the electricity network. The computer system can be used to collect information about supply and demand and improve engineer's ability to manage the system. With better information about electricity demand, the network will be able to increase the amount of electricity delivered per unit generated, leading to potential reductions in fuel needs and carbon emissions. Moreover, the computer system will assist in reducing operational and maintenance costs.

    Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer too. They will be able to collect real-time information on their energy use for each appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day will give customers the incentive to use appliances at times when supply greatly exceeds demand, leading to great reductions in bills. For example, they may use their washing machines at night. Smart meters can also be connected to the internet or telephone system, allowing customers to switch appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted with the apparatus to generate their own power, appliances can be set to run directly from the on-site power source, and any excess can be sold to the grid.

    With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first involves managing the supply and demand.

Sources of renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are notoriously unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also set to increase as nations switch to alternative energy sources, is inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply of energy to match the increasing demand during peak times of the day or year. With alternative sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts or system collapse. Potential solutions include investigating new and efficient ways to store energy and encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-peak times.

    A second problem is the fact that many renewable power generation sources are located in remote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal regions, where there is currently a lack of electrical infrastructure. New infrastructures therefore must be built. Thankfully, with improved smart technology, this can be done more efficiently by reducing the reinforcement or construction costs.

    Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to promote and test it are already underway. Consumers are currently testing the new smart meters which can be used in their homes to manage electricity use. There are also a number of demonstrations being planned to show how the smart technology could practically work, and trials are in place to test the new electrical infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be added in 'layers', starting with 'quick win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings, to be followed by more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime candidates for investment into smart energy, due to the high population density and high energy use. It is here where Smart Technology is likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources, transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered vehicles. The infrastructure is already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy supply will have transformed our homes, our roads and our behaviour.

According to paragraph 1, what has happened in some oil producing countries?

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Smart Grid technology to consumers?

According to paragraph 4, what is the problem with using renewable sources of power?

In paragraph 6, what can be inferred about cities in the future?

What is the main idea of the final paragraph? (paragraph 6).

An example from a science textbook of the phenomenon the author describes in the third paragraph  could be __________

The idiom in the sixth paragraph, "read against the grain of the text" is closest in meaning to ____

Why does the author give the example of superhero comics to explain multiple literacies?

The author says that video games _________

What would be the most logical information for the next paragraph to contain if the article continued?

What are the advantages of technology?

Supposing I _______________ to agree to your request, what would be your next action?

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentence.

- Mia: “You should have asked for permission first.”

- Harry: “ ____________”

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentence.

- Minh: “I’ve get a ticket for Westlife concert next month.”

- Mai: “ ___________”

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentence.

- Jane: “Can I borrow your laptop for a second? Mine is out of battery.”

- Lana: “ ____________”

Indicate the words or phrases that are CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined words in each of the following sentences.

The remarkable success of Simon Weber's book on owls, bats and foxes and other nocturnal creatures A call in the dark is probably not surprising in view of the popularity of his recent TV series, ‘Night Prowlers’.

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    Antioxidants are substances – artificial or natural – that prevent and slow cell and tissue damage by attacking free radicals. which are molecules that have an unpaired electron. Free radicals are natural byproducts of our metabolism and are also generated in response to environmental stressors, such as exposure to pollution, X-rays or cigarette smoke. In high quantities. free radicals can cause oxidative stress, which is when the body has too many free radicals that stat to destroy DNA, fatty tissue and proteins. [A]

    Unlike free radicals, antioxidants have extra electrons. This means that they can pass their surplus electrons lo free radicals, stabilizing the free radicals so they can no longer damage the body's cells and tissues. In doing so, antioxidants ward off or slow oxidative stress, preventing serious illnesses. Oxidative stress bas been linked with illnesses such as cancer, heart disease and some neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The best way 10 increase antioxidants in the body and maintain a healthy balance of free radicals is to incorporate antioxidant-rich foods into your diet. [B]

    The term ·antioxidant' is often used to describe different foods, but it more accurately describes chemical property. Any substance that can strip free radicals of their damaging properties is considered an antioxidant. Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fit the antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more. Vitamin C and vitamin E are two of the most common antioxidants found in food. In addition to fighting free radicals, vitamin C supports the immune system and helps repair bones, teeth and cartilage. Vitamin E is a powerful tool in maintaining eye health, producing hormones that regula1e blood pressure and repairing muscles after exercise. Carotenoids- a class of compounds found in fruits and vegetables that are red, orange and yellow - are also well-known antioxidants. Antioxidant carotenoids include beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. However, taking high doses of some carotenoid supplements, such as beta-carotene. can increase health risks, such as an increased chance of lung cancer in smokers. [C]

    Antioxidants are most often in fruits, vegetables and legumes, although they can be found in almost every food group. Fruits contains essential nutrients such as potassium, fibre and folate - nutrients that help maintain blood pressure, lower cholesterol and repair body tissues. Blueberries, cranberries, apples, strawberries and more are all filled with antioxidants. Dried fruits - although often high in processed sugars - have a higher antioxidant ratio than fresh fruits, since they lose mass from water. They act as quick antioxidant fuel due to their high concentration of antioxidants. Carotenoids are found in red, orange or yellow vegetables. Many green vegetables such as kale, broccoli and spinach are excellent sources of antioxidants, namely quercetin and lutein. [D]

According to the passage, which of the following is true about free radicals?

How do antioxidants protect the body?

According to paragraph 3 what can be inferred about the term “antioxidant”?

Which serve as the best title for the last paragraph?

Who do you think the article is most likely written for?

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    Patient zero is generally taken to mean the first case in a disease outbreak — but the term is often applied in different ways. When it comes to zoonotic diseases (ones that jump from animals to humans, like SARS-CoV-2), patient zero might refer to the first-ever human case — the point at which the virus spills over from an animal to a human. For the general public, however, patient zero is often used to refer to the first case in a particular region, or the first case that's come to the attention of health authorities. However, these Are not always the same thing. Sometimes the first case that's notified to us is not the first case in an outbreak. Similarly, just because someone is identified as the first case doesn't mean they spread the disease to anyone else, or behaved irresponsibly — with something like coronavirus, they may not even know they're sick.

    This is part of the reason why patient zero is not a term epidemiologists or public health experts tend to use- it's not specific enough. They prefer the term index case to refer to the first person officials became aware of in an outbreak (which gives them a clue something's going on), and primary case to refer to the person who introduces a disease into a new population — a community, country or the world. Sometimes, the primary case and the index case will be the same person, but not always. For many outbreaks — such as HIV/AIDS, and possibly COVID-19 — we will never know the primary case.

    While the use of the term patient zero can be fraught, tracing outbreaks back to their beginnings remains important in public health. In the early days of an outbreak, it's still possible to catch embers of disease before they become full-blown fires. “You can actually stamp them out, by identifying every case, tracking every contact, quarantining them, making sure there's no further spread,” Professor Raina Macintyre, head of biosecurity at UNSW's Kirby Institute says. But even after those critical first days or weeks, tracing cases back to patient zero can still give both health experts and relevant authorities for insights into how disease spreads and understands the role that health services and adequate sanitation systems play in controlling the spread of the disease. That’s the purpose of trying to understand an index case or a first case - to establish the opportunity to learn from the breakout and try to make sure it doesn't happen again.

According to the passage which statement is true about SARS-CoV-2?

How is the term “patient zero” often as the state by the general public?

According to the passage what might HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 have in common?

What can be inferred about the use of the term “patient zero”?

Why does finding patient zero still matter when it is no longer possible to stop an outbreak early?

What might serve as the best title for the whole reading passage?

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Every time you're online, you are bombarded by pictures, articles, links and videos trying to tell their story. Unfortunately, not all of these stories are true. Sometimes they want you to click on another story or advertisement at their own site, other times they want to upset people for political reasons. These days it's so easy to share information. These stories circulate quickly, and the result is … fake news There is a range of fake news: from crazy stories which people easily recognise to more subtle types of misinformation. Experts in media studies and online psychology have been examining the fake news phenomenon. Read these tips, and don't get fooled!

1. …

Look at the website where the story comes from. Does it look real? Is the text well written? Are there a variety of other stories or is it just one story? Fake news websites often use addresses that sound like real newspapers, but don't have many real stories about other topics. If you aren't sure, click on the 'About' page and look for a clear description of the organisation.

2. Watch out for fake photos

Many fake news stories use images that are Photoshopped or taken from an unrelated site. Sometimes, if you just look closely at an image, you can see if it has been changed. Or use a tool like Google Reverse Image search. It will show you if the same image has been used in other contexts.

3. Check the story is in other places

Look to see if the story you are reading is on other news sites that you know and trust. If you do find it on many other sites, then it probably isn't fake (although there are some exceptions), as many big news organisations try to check their sources before they publish a story.

4. Look for other signs

There are other techniques that fake news uses. These include using ALL CAPS and lots of ads that pop up when you click on a link. Also, think about how the story makes you feel. If the news story makes you angry, it's probably designed to make you angry.

If you know these things about online news, and can apply them in your everyday life, then you have the control over what to read, what to believe and most importantly what to share. If you find a news story that you know is fake, the most important advice is: don't share it!

According to the passage, what is one reason why people make up things online?

Which title below fit the first tip (paragraph 2)?

Why does the author suggest using Google Reverse image search?

What do fake news websites have in common?

According to the passage, what can be inferred about big news organization?

According to the author, how does knowing about fake news help people in their daily life?

What are the advantages of learning a foreign language?