Đáp án và giải thích các bước giải:

$a)$

$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}+H_2O\xrightarrow{H^+,\ t^o}C_6H_{12}O_6+C_6H_{12}O_6$

$C_6H_{12}O_6\xrightarrow{enzim,\ 30-35^oC}2C_2H_5OH+2CO_2$

$C_2H_5OH+O_2\xrightarrow{\rm men\ giấm}CH_3COOH+H_2O$

$CH_3COOH+C_2H_5OH\buildrel{{H_2SO_{4\ (đ)},\ t^o}}\over\rightleftharpoons CH_3COOC_2H_5+H_2O$

$2CH_3COOC_2H_5+Ca (OH)_2\to (CH_3COO)_2Ca+2C_2H_5OH$

$b)$

$C_2H_4+H_2\xrightarrow{t^o,\ Ni}C_2H_6$

$C_2H_6+Cl_2\xrightarrow{as}C_2H_5Cl+HCl$

$C_2H_5Cl+KOH\xrightarrow{t^o}C_2H_5OH+KCl$

$C_2H_5OH+O_2\xrightarrow{\rm men\ giấm}CH_3COOH+H_2O$

$CH_3COOH+Na\to CH_3COONa+0,5H_2$

$CH_3COONa+NaOH\to Na_2CO_3+CH_4$

$c)$

$2CH_4\xrightarrow[lln]{1500^oC}C_2H_2+3H_2$

$C_2H_2+H_2\xrightarrow{t^o,\ Pd}C_2H_4$

$C_2H_4+H_2O\xrightarrow{H_2SO_4}C_2H_5OH$

$C_2H_5OH+O_2\xrightarrow{\rm men\ giấm}CH_3COOH+H_2O$

$CH_3COOH+Na\to CH_3COONa+0,5H_2$

$d)$

$C_2H_4+H_2O\xrightarrow{H_2SO_4}C_2H_5OH$

$C_2H_5OH+O_2\xrightarrow{\rm men\ giấm}CH_3COOH+H_2O$

$CH_3COOH+C_2H_5OH\buildrel{{H_2SO_{4\ (đ)},\ t^o}}\over\rightleftharpoons CH_3COOC_2H_5+H_2O$

$CH_3COOC_2H_5+NaOH\to CH_3COONa+C_2H_5OH$