Tính \(∆y\) và \({{\Delta y} \over {\Delta x}}\) của các hàm số sau theo \(x\) và \(∆x\) :
a) \(y = 2x - 5\); b) \(y = x^2- 1\);
c) \(y = 2x^3\); d) \(y = {1 \over x}\).
Tính \(\Delta y = f\left( {x + \Delta x} \right) - f\left( x \right)\), từ đó tính tỉ số \(\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}}\).
Lời giải chi tiết
\(\begin{array}{l}
a)\,\,\Delta y = f\left( {x + \Delta x} \right) - f\left( x \right)\\
\Rightarrow \Delta y = 2\left( {x + \Delta x} \right) - 5 - \left( {2x - 5} \right)\\
\Leftrightarrow \Delta y = 2x + 2\Delta x - 5 - 2x + 5\\
\Leftrightarrow \Delta y = 2\Delta x\\
\Rightarrow \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = 2\\
b)\,\,\Delta y = f\left( {x + \Delta x} \right) - f\left( x \right)\\
\Rightarrow \Delta y = {\left( {x + \Delta x} \right)^2} - 1 - \left( {{x^2} - 1} \right)\\
\Leftrightarrow \Delta y = {x^2} + 2x.\Delta x + {\left( {\Delta x} \right)^2} - 1 - {x^2} + 1\\
\Leftrightarrow \Delta y = \Delta x\left( {2x + \Delta x} \right)\\
\Rightarrow \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = 2x + \Delta x\\
c)\,\,\Delta y = f\left( {x + \Delta x} \right) - f\left( x \right)\\
\Rightarrow \Delta y = 2{\left( {x + \Delta x} \right)^3} - 2{x^3}\\
\Leftrightarrow \Delta y = 2{x^3} + 6{x^2}\Delta x + 6x{\left( {\Delta x} \right)^2} + 2{\left( {\Delta x} \right)^3} - 2{x^3}\\
\Leftrightarrow \Delta y = 2\Delta x\left( {3{x^2} + 3x.\Delta x + {{\left( {\Delta x} \right)}^2}} \right)\\
\Rightarrow \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = 2\left( {3{x^2} + 3x.\Delta x + {{\left( {\Delta x} \right)}^2}} \right)\\
d)\,\,\Delta y = f\left( {x + \Delta x} \right) - f\left( x \right)\\
\Rightarrow \Delta y = \frac{1}{{x + \Delta x}} - \frac{1}{x}\\
\Leftrightarrow \Delta y = \frac{{x - x - \Delta x}}{{x\left( {x + \Delta x} \right)}}\\
\Leftrightarrow \Delta y = \frac{{ - \Delta x}}{{x\left( {x + \Delta x} \right)}}\\
\Rightarrow \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{{ - 1}}{{x\left( {x + \Delta x} \right)}}
\end{array}\)
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