The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT

* Hướng dẫn giải

Đáp án là D

Ý đoạn 1 có đề cập đến 3 đáp án còn lại: In t he family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.